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- Jeff Novich Donnison
- Period 4 September 22, 1996
- Essay on three factors that shaped British North America from 1607 - 1763
-
- The society of British North America was shaped by a number of factors between 1607 and
- 1763. Three of these factors were the shortage of labor, British imperial policies, and
- colonial assemblies. Because America had an agriculturally based economy with farming as a
- chief business and as a way of life for many, and as a result of the colonial frontier
- being either cheap or free land, thousands of frontiersmen went out in search of land to
- cultivate and settle on. Labor soon became drastically scarce, and resulted in both
- positive and negative changes in the economy. The economy was also greatly shaped by the
- economic policies of the mother country, imposed upon colonial America. By restricting
- trade, but at the same time allowing monopolies over certain products, and trade and
- commerce with England in an enclosed market economy, the British empire profited under
- mercantilism. Colonial assemblies clearly shaped what we now perceive as "American
- Democracy," as Charles M. AndrewsÆs sums up: "In the development of American political
- ideas and social practices, the influence of the popular assemblyàis the most potent single
- factor underlying our American system of government," (The First American Revolution: By
- Clinton Rossiter; page 119). The advancement of British North AmericaÆs economy and
- democratic values until prior to the Revolution, were due to the effects of a labor
- shortage, the mother countryÆs imperial policies, and colonial assemblies from 1607 to
- 1763. An increase in cost and scarcity of labor became evident in almost all colonies as a
- result of the shortage of labor, causing wages to increase and conditions to be better than
- that of England. There were both exceptional and detrimental effects of the shortage of
- labor on the American economy. Since the laborers were small in population, they were a
- very important class, and because of their significance in the economy of British North
- America, they were able to make many notable accomplishments. As the working class worked
- towards a "democracy of labor," there soon followed good wages and good working conditions,
- protection against capricious employers, a philosophy acknowledging the prestige of the
- work force, and opportunities for advancement and legal regulations that helped bolster
- against disaster. Furthermore, it supported American liberty. On the other hand, however,
- two very deep-rooted problems also occurred as a result of the shortage of labor. The most
- straightforward problem was simply the restraining effect it had on the condition of
- manufacturing. If there are very few people available to work, then clearly there canÆt be
- any mass production of goods and merchandise. Therefore, to correct this problem, the
- colonial system of labor turned to slaves to work. Although the system made thousands free
- men, it also was one of the greatest factors which gave rise to the terrible plight of
- slavery in the colonies. Because the shortage of labor put a major damper on the economic
- aspect of British North American society in the 17th and 18th centuries, economic success
- rooted through British imperial policy. The English imperial system was designed, not only
- to help England, but to sustain the whole empire as well as each individual unit,
- encouraging each part to ædo what it could do best.Æ England had originally created
- America in the early 1600s as a mercantilist state, an established area created solely as a
- source of money and resources to help their economy as well as their empire. It was this
- ægive and takeÆ idea that lead England to make colonial America a large component in the
- enclosed market economy between them, and immediate economic success on both parts was a
- result. To regulate this economic growth, some restrictions were imposed upon the
- colonies. One of these restrictions was the Navigation Acts from 1651 on through the
- 1700s. The effects of these acts on the economy were, although appearing detrimental, very
- beneficial for the economy of the colonies. They did not allow the colonies to export to
- anyone but England, and, with the addition of the Staple Act of 1663, all imports had to go
- through England before going to the colonies. However, they did create a near-absolute
- monopoly for the colonies over England in terms of resources, (for example, the tobacco
- colonies had a monopoly for their product), and England depended greatly on them for it.
- They also helped greatly to protect the American carry trade, and stimulated shipbuilding
- in British North America. The Navigation Act of 1660 allowed export of such products as
- flour and fish to the West Indies and southern Europe, "in order to pile up specie and
- credits to pay for still more English wares," (page 59). Although there were some major
- restrictions on colonial trade and export, if it werenÆt for the English allowance of the
- colonies into the trade circle, their economy might well have collapsed. On the other
- hand, however, it was all of the restrictions and limitations that Britain proscribed upon
- the colonies that cleared the way for a more resentful and surreptitious society as well as
- an economy that did not thrive as far as it could have. With the introductions of the Wool
- Act of 1699, and the Hat Act of 1732, both of which prohibited the exportation of their
- respective products, and the Iron Act of 1750, which forbade the establishment of iron
- developers, the general reaction was disgust for the constraints. Furthermore, when the
- Molasses Act of 1733 was created, which would have terminated the production of rum if the
- colonists had obeyed it, a æsneakyÆ attribute to the British North American society was
- contrived. Colonists were becoming very contumacious as a result of their ignoring these
- laws. By 1763, the economy of the colonies had risen to such a great level, despite
- problematic laws and acts that confronted them, and the people of British North America
- came to "possess most of the requisites of an independent people," (page 63). The
- colonists would not tolerate the British imperial policies any longer, and the collective
- desire of the society of the colonies was to overcome them in some way or another. This
- desire of most of the colonists by 1763 to rid themselves from the English reign about them
- arose likewise as a result of the colonial assemblies. Since the assemblies were formed in
- the colonies, as a primitive democratic "ruling by the many," they struggled with the
- governors for power. By opening up the proceedings of the assemblies for inspection and
- criticism, printing and distributing their journals, and thorough coverage by the colonial
- press concerning their exchanges with the governor, the direction of power consistently
- moved towards the assemblies. As they gained more power, they were able to produce a line
- of techniques for representation: "Residence requirements, constituency payments, annual
- elections, instructions, voting by ballot, and bans on place-holding by assemblymen is
- evidence that the assemblies were far more advanced toward the idea of a popular
- legislature than was the House of Commons," (page 104). With the assemblyÆs ability to
- decide the governorÆs payment, "they brought more than one recalcitrant to heel in such
- matters as personnel and jurisdiction of colonial courts," (page 117). By the mid-1700s,
- the colonial assemblies were dominant in nearly every colony of British North America,
- which lead to very democratic ideology of the colonists. It was because of these powers
- that the colonial assemblies "were the most important instruments of popular government in
- colonial America," (page 104), and that they "were influential schools of American
- political thought," (page 118). The colonial assemblies of British North America, by
- fighting for legislature and liberty against the governors, were able to cause the colonial
- mind to begin thinking about liberty and freedom, and a government of democracy which
- eventually developed into the "American Democracy." As British North America developed
- between the years of 1607 and 1763, its path was dictated by many factors. Three of these
- factors, the shortage of labor, British imperial policies, and the colonial assemblies,
- greatly refined and advanced many aspects of colonial society. By causing the work force
- to be an important component in the cities, and making colonial America a very significant
- agent in the enclosed merchant economy with Britain, respectively, the economy of the
- colonies was shaped both positively and negatively. While the colonial assemblies were
- making progress towards modern day democracy, they influencing the minds of the colonists,
- all three conditions helped immensely to shape the developing colonies.
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